Topic: Catholicism

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πŸ”— Distributism

πŸ”— Economics πŸ”— Philosophy πŸ”— Politics πŸ”— Philosophy/Social and political philosophy πŸ”— Philosophy/Philosophy of religion πŸ”— Cooperatives πŸ”— Catholicism

Distributism is an economic theory asserting that the world's productive assets should be widely owned rather than concentrated.

Developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, distributism was based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum novarum (1891) and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo anno (1931). It views both capitalism and socialism as equally flawed and exploitative, and it favors economic mechanisms such as cooperatives and member-owned mutual organizations as well as small businesses, and large-scale antitrust regulations.

Some Christian democratic political parties have advocated distributism in their economic policies.

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πŸ”— Gambling on Papal Conclaves

πŸ”— Catholicism πŸ”— Gambling πŸ”— European Microstates πŸ”— European Microstates/Vatican City

Gambling on papal elections has at least a 500-year history. Betting on 16th-century papal conclaves are among the first documented examples of gambling on election outcomes. During the same period, gambling was also common on the outcomes of secular Italian elections, such as that of the Doge of Venice. Leighton Vaughan Williams and David Paton employ a unique dataset to investigate betting on the 2013 papal election, set within the context of the history of betting on papal conclaves.

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πŸ”— William of Rubruck

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— France πŸ”— Middle Ages πŸ”— Middle Ages/History πŸ”— Biography/arts and entertainment πŸ”— Christianity πŸ”— Catholicism πŸ”— Middle Ages/Crusades πŸ”— Military history/Crusades πŸ”— Belgium πŸ”— Christianity/Christianity in China

William of Rubruck (Dutch: Willem van Rubroeck, Latin: Gulielmus de Rubruquis; fl. 1248–1255) was a Flemish Franciscan missionary and explorer.

He is best known for his travels to various parts of the Middle East and Central Asia in the 13th century, including the Mongol Empire. His account of his travels is one of the masterpieces of medieval travel literature, comparable to those of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta.

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πŸ”— First Council of Nicaea

πŸ”— Greece πŸ”— Guild of Copy Editors πŸ”— Turkey πŸ”— Christianity πŸ”— Catholicism πŸ”— Christianity/theology πŸ”— Greece/Byzantine world πŸ”— Christianity/Eastern Orthodoxy πŸ”— Christianity/Oriental Orthodoxy πŸ”— Christianity/Syriac Christianity πŸ”— Christianity/Christian history

The First Council of Nicaea ( ny-SEE-Ι™; Ancient Greek: Σύνοδος Ο„αΏ†Ο‚ Νικαίας, romanized:Β SΓ½nodos tΓͺs NikaΓ­as) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now Δ°znik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. The Council of Nicaea met from May until the end of July 325.

This ecumenical council was the first of many efforts to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all Christendom. Hosius of Corduba may have presided over its deliberations. Its main accomplishments were settlement of the Christological issue of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the Father, the construction of the first part of the Nicene Creed, mandating uniform observance of the date of Easter, and promulgation of early canon law.

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πŸ”— Beauvais Cathedral

πŸ”— France πŸ”— Architecture πŸ”— Catholicism

The Cathedral of Saint Peter of Beauvais (French: CathΓ©drale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais) is a Roman Catholic church in the northern town of Beauvais, Oise, France. It is the seat of the Bishop of Beauvais, Noyon and Senlis.

The cathedral is in the Gothic style, and consists of a 13th-century choir, with an apse and seven polygonal apsidal chapels reached by an ambulatory, joined to a 16th-century transept.

It has the highest Gothic choir in the world: (48.50 m) under vault. From 1569 to 1573 the cathedral of Beauvais was, with its tower of 153 meters, the highest human construction of the world. Its designers had the ambition to make it the largest gothic cathedral in France ahead of Amiens. Victim of two collapses, one in the 13th century, the other in the 16th century, it remains unfinished today; only the choir and the transept have been built.

The planned nave of the cathedral was never constructed. The remnant of the previous 10th-century Romanesque cathedral, known as the Basse Ε’uvre ("Lower Work"), still occupies the intended site of the nave.

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πŸ”— Mary Kenneth Keller

πŸ”— United States πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Computing πŸ”— Women scientists πŸ”— Biography/science and academia πŸ”— Women's History πŸ”— Chicago πŸ”— Catholicism πŸ”— United States/Iowa

Mary Kenneth Keller, B.V.M. (December 17, 1913 – January 10, 1985) was an American Roman Catholic religious sister, educator and pioneer in computer science. She and Irving C. Tang were the first two people to earn a doctorate in computer science in the United States.

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πŸ”— Kakure Kirishitan

πŸ”— Catholicism πŸ”— Japan πŸ”— Japan/Religion πŸ”— Secret Societies

Kakure kirishitan (Japanese: ιš γ‚Œγ‚­γƒͺシタン, lit. 'hidden Christians') is a modern term for a member of the Catholic Church in Japan that went underground at the start of the Edo period in the early 17th century due to Christianity's repression by the Tokugawa shogunate.

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πŸ”— Sovereign Military Order of Malta

πŸ”— Military history πŸ”— Heraldry and vexillology πŸ”— Catholicism πŸ”— Military history/Crusades πŸ”— Military history/Medieval warfare πŸ”— Countries πŸ”— Former countries πŸ”— Military history/National militaries πŸ”— Malta πŸ”— Orders, decorations, and medals

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Italian: Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta; Latin: Supremus Militaris Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodiensis et Melitensis), commonly known as the Order of Malta, Malta Order or Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of military, chivalric and noble nature. Though it possesses no territory, the order is a sovereign entity of international law and maintains diplomatic relations with many countries.

SMOM claims continuity with the Knights Hospitaller, a chivalric order that was founded c. 1099 by the Blessed Gerard in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The order is led by an elected Prince and Grand Master. Its motto is Tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum ('defence of the faith and assistance to the poor'). The order venerates the Virgin Mary as its patroness, under the title of Our Lady of Philermos. Its modern-day role is largely focused on providing humanitarian assistance and assisting with international humanitarian relations, for which purpose it has had permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly since 1994.

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πŸ”— Cluny: The Google of 1000

πŸ”— France πŸ”— Architecture πŸ”— Middle Ages πŸ”— Middle Ages/History πŸ”— Catholicism

Cluny Abbey (French:Β [klyni]; formerly also Cluni, or Clugny) is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, SaΓ΄ne-et-Loire, France. It was dedicated to St Peter.

The abbey was constructed in the Romanesque architectural style, with three churches built in succession from the 4th to the early 12th centuries. The earliest basilica was the world's largest church until the St. Peter's Basilica construction began in Rome.

Cluny was founded by Duke William I of Aquitaine in 910. He nominated Berno as the first abbot of Cluny, subject only to Pope Sergius III. The abbey was notable for its stricter adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict, whereby Cluny became acknowledged as the leader of western monasticism. The establishment of the Benedictine Order was a keystone to the stability of European society that was achieved in the 11th century. In 1790 during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked and mostly destroyed, with only a small part surviving.

Starting around 1334, the Abbots of Cluny maintained a townhouse in Paris known as the HΓ΄tel de Cluny, which has been a public museum since 1843. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.

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πŸ”— Society of Saint Pius X

πŸ”— Organizations πŸ”— Christianity πŸ”— Catholicism

The Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX; Latin: Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X 'Priestly Fraternity of Saint Pius X', FSSPX) is a breakaway traditionalist Catholic priestly fraternity founded in 1970 by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Its members are commonly referred to as Lefebvrists or Lefebvrians, terms which SSPX rejects.

Lefebvre was a leading traditionalist at the Second Vatican Council with the Coetus Internationalis Patrum and Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers until 1968. The society was originally established as an association of the Christian faithful of the Catholic Church with the express permission of the Bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg, François Charrière.

The society is named after Pope Pius X, whose anti-Modernist stance it stresses, retaining the Tridentine Mass and pre-Vatican II liturgical books in Latin for the other Holy Sacraments. The current Superior General of the Society is Davide Pagliarani. It has over 700 priestly members and a total of 1,482 members. Several religious institutes, mostly based in France, are associated with the society. Globally, there are an estimated 600,000 people who attend SSPX masses. Several organisations derive from the SSPX, such as the sedevacantist Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV) and the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), which Pope John Paul II authorized as a Society of Apostolic Life (1988).

Tensions between the Society and the Holy See climaxed in 1988 with the Écône consecrations: Archbishop Lefebvre consecrated four bishops without the Apostolic Mandate and against a personal warning by Pope John Paul II, resulting in the Vatican declaration that the bishops who consecrated or were consecrated had incurred latæ sententiæ (automatic) excommunication. However, the SSPX denied that the bishops incurred any penalty, and argued that the consecrations were permissible under canon law due to a moral and theological crisis in the Catholic Church. The declared excommunication of the surviving bishops was removed at their request, in the hope of speedily reaching "full reconciliation and complete communion" (2009).

For most of its existence, the society's canonical situation has remained disputed. Papal recognition was extended indefinitely in 2017 to confessions heard by its priests, and local ordinaries allowed to grant delegation to its priests for officially witnessing marriages. In addition, the Holy See named SSPX bishop Bernard Fellay as judge in a canonical trial against one of the society's priests. The significance of these recognitions is that, unlike other Catholic sacraments, both confession and marriage require canonical jurisdiction for their validity. While its critics claim the society's priests were not explicitly granted the requisite jurisdiction, it contends that they possessed "supplied jurisdiction" for confessions due to an "emergency crisis".

In February 2026, the Society declared their intention to consecrate new bishops on 1 July 2026 with or without a pontifical mandate from the Vatican, declining further dialogue with the Holy Office. On 13 May 2026, the prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal VΓ­ctor Manuel FernΓ‘ndez formally reiterated that this would be a schismatic act and result in automatic excommunication. On 26 May 2026, the FSPPX announced the four candidates scheduled to be consecrated bishops: Pascal Schreiber, Michael Goldade, Michel Poinsinet de Sivry, and Marc Hanappier. On 1 July, SSPX Bishop Alfonso de Galarreta proceeded with the consecration of the four bishops, with Fellay acting as co-consecrator, which is a schismatic act and thus resulted in automatic excommunication.