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๐Ÿ”— Burned house horizon

๐Ÿ”— History ๐Ÿ”— Europe ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Archaeology ๐Ÿ”— Romania ๐Ÿ”— Moldova

In the archaeology of Neolithic Europe, the burned house horizon is the geographical extent of the phenomenon of presumably intentionally burned settlements.

This was a widespread and long-lasting tradition in what is now Southeastern and Eastern Europe, lasting from as early as 6500 BCE (the beginning of the Neolithic) to as late as 2000 BCE (the end of the Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age). A notable representative of this tradition is the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, which was centered on the burned-house horizon both geographically and temporally.

There is still a discussion in the study of Neolithic and Eneolithic Europe whether the majority of burned houses were intentionally set alight or not.

Although there is still debate about the why house burning was practiced, the evidence seems to indicate that it was highly unlikely to have been accidental. There is also debate about why this would have been done deliberately and regularly, since these burnings could destroy the entire settlement. However, in recent years, the consensus has begun to gel around the "domicide" theory supported by Tringham, Stevanovic and others.

Cucuteni-Trypillian settlements were completely burned every 75โ€“80 years, leaving behind successive layers consisting mostly of large amounts of rubble from the collapsed wattle-and-daub walls. This rubble was mostly ceramic material that had been created as the raw clay used in the daub of the walls became vitrified from the intense heat that would have turned it a bright orange color during the conflagration that destroyed the buildings, much the same way that raw clay objects are turned into ceramic products during the firing process in a kiln. Moreover, the sheer amount of fired-clay rubble found within every house of a settlement indicates that a fire of enormous intensity would have raged through the entire community to have created the volume of material found.

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๐Ÿ”— Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/demographics and ethnography of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Visual arts ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/visual arts in Russia

Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire, also known as Cossacks of Saporog Are Drafting a Manifesto (Russian: ะ—ะฐะฟะพั€ะพะถั†ั‹ ะฟะธัˆัƒั‚ ะฟะธััŒะผะพ ั‚ัƒั€ะตั†ะบะพะผัƒ ััƒะปั‚ะฐะฝัƒ), is a painting by Russian artist Ilya Repin. The 2.03ย m (6ย footย 7ย inch) by 3.58ย m (11ย footย 9ย inch) canvas was started in 1880 and finished in 1891. Repin recorded the years of work along the lower edge of the canvas. Alexander III bought the painting for 35,000 rubles, at the time the greatest sum ever paid for a Russian painting. Since then, the canvas has been exhibited in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg.

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๐Ÿ”— Kateryna Yushchenko

๐Ÿ”— Biography ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Computing ๐Ÿ”— Computer science ๐Ÿ”— Women scientists ๐Ÿ”— Biography/science and academia ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine

Kateryna Lohvynivna Yushchenko (Ukrainian: ะšะฐั‚ะตั€ะธะฝะฐ ะ›ะพะณะฒะธะฝั–ะฒะฝะฐ ะฎั‰ะตะฝะบะพ, Russian: ะ•ะบะฐั‚ะตั€ะธะฝะฐ ะ›ะพะณะฒะธะฝะพะฒะฝะฐ ะฎั‰ะตะฝะบะพ, December 8, 1919, Chyhyryn - died August 15, 2001) was a Ukrainian computer and information research scientist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences (1976), and member of The International Academy of Computer Science. She developed one of the world's first high-level languages with indirect address in programming, called the Address programming language. Over the period of her academic career, Yushchenko supervised 45 Ph.D students. Further professional achievements include Yushchenko being awarded two USSR State Prizes, The USSR Council of Ministers Prize, The Academician Glushkov Prize, and The Order of Princess Olga. Yushchenko was the first woman in the USSR to become a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in programming.

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๐Ÿ”— Holodomor

๐Ÿ”— Human rights ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Crime ๐Ÿ”— Death ๐Ÿ”— Philosophy ๐Ÿ”— Discrimination ๐Ÿ”— Philosophy/Ethics ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union/history of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union/Russia ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Ethnic groups

The Holodomor (Ukrainian: ะ“ะพะปะพะดะพะผะพฬั€, romanized:ย Holodomรณr; derived from ะผะพั€ะธั‚ะธ ะณะพะปะพะดะพะผ, moryty holodom, 'to kill by starvation'), also known as the Terror-Famine and sometimes referred to as the Great Famine was a famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The term Holodomor emphasises the famine's man-made and intentional aspects such as rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all household foodstuffs and restriction of population movement. As part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932โ€“33 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country, millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine. Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by Ukraine and 15 other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government.

Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials varied greatly. According to higher estimates, up to 12 million ethnic Ukrainians were said to have perished as a result of the famine. A United Nations joint statement signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7โ€“10 million perished. Research has since narrowed the estimates to between 3.3 and 7.5 million. According to the findings of the Court of Appeal of Kyiv in 2010, the demographic losses due to the famine amounted to 10 million, with 3.9 million direct famine deaths, and a further 6.1 million birth deficits.

Whether the Holodomor was genocide is still the subject of academic debate, as are the causes of the famine and intentionality of the deaths. Some scholars believe that the famine was planned by Joseph Stalin to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement.

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๐Ÿ”— Scottish Cafรฉ

๐Ÿ”— Mathematics ๐Ÿ”— Books ๐Ÿ”— Food and drink ๐Ÿ”— Poland ๐Ÿ”— Food and drink/Foodservice ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine

The Scottish Cafรฉ (Polish: Kawiarnia Szkocka) was a cafรฉ in Lwรณw, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine) where, in the 1930s and 1940s, mathematicians from the Lwรณw School of Mathematics collaboratively discussed research problems, particularly in functional analysis and topology.

Stanislaw Ulam recounts that the tables of the cafรฉ had marble tops, so they could write in pencil, directly on the table, during their discussions. To keep the results from being lost, and after becoming annoyed with their writing directly on the table tops, Stefan Banach's wife provided the mathematicians with a large notebook, which was used for writing the problems and answers and eventually became known as the Scottish Book. The bookโ€”a collection of solved, unsolved, and even probably unsolvable problemsโ€”could be borrowed by any of the guests of the cafรฉ. Solving any of the problems was rewarded with prizes, with the most difficult and challenging problems having expensive prizes (during the Great Depression and on the eve of World War II), such as a bottle of fine brandy.

For problem 153, which was later recognized as being closely related to Stefan Banach's "basis problem", Stanisล‚aw Mazur offered the prize of a live goose. This problem was solved only in 1972 by Per Enflo, who was presented with the live goose in a ceremony that was broadcast throughout Poland.

The cafรฉ building now houses the Szkocka Restaurant & Bar (named for the original Scottish Cafรฉ) and the Atlas Deluxe hotel at the street address of 27 Taras Shevchenko Prospekt.

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๐Ÿ”— Happy Nowruz

๐Ÿ”— Religion ๐Ÿ”— Iran ๐Ÿ”— Central Asia ๐Ÿ”— Syria ๐Ÿ”— Iraq ๐Ÿ”— Turkey ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Holidays ๐Ÿ”— Pakistan ๐Ÿ”— Afghanistan ๐Ÿ”— Caucasia ๐Ÿ”— Kurdistan ๐Ÿ”— Tajikistan ๐Ÿ”— Georgia (country) ๐Ÿ”— Azerbaijan ๐Ÿ”— North Macedonia ๐Ÿ”— Bahรก'รญ Faith ๐Ÿ”— Albania

Nowruz (Persian: ู†ูˆุฑูˆุฒโ€Ž, pronouncedย [nowหˆษพuหz]; lit.โ€‰ "new day") is the Iranian New Year, also known as the Persian New Year, which is celebrated worldwide by various ethno-linguistic groups.

Nowruz has Iranian and Zoroastrian origins, however, it has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years in Western Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea Basin, the Balkans, and South Asia. It is a secular holiday for most celebrants that is enjoyed by people of several different faiths, but remains a holy day for Zoroastrians, Bahais, and some Muslim communities.

Nowruz is the day of the vernal equinox, and marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. It marks the first day of the first month (Farvardin) of the Iranian calendars. It usually occurs on March 21 or the previous or following day, depending on where it is observed. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year, and families gather together to observe the rituals.

While Nowruz has been celebrated since the reform of the Iranian Calendar in the 11th century CE to mark the new year, the United Nations officially recognized the "International Day of Nowruz" with the adoption of UN resolution 64/253 in 2010.

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๐Ÿ”— Bucha Massacre

๐Ÿ”— International relations ๐Ÿ”— Human rights ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Crime ๐Ÿ”— Death ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history

In March 2022, a series of war crimes were committed by Russian occupation forces in the Ukrainian city of Bucha during the Battle of Bucha, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ukrainian authorities said that more than 300 inhabitants of the town had been killed.

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๐Ÿ”— Z (Military Symbol)

๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Internet culture ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Europe ๐Ÿ”— Politics ๐Ÿ”— Sociology ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— European history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military culture, traditions, and heraldry

"Z" is one of several symbols painted on military vehicles of the Russian Armed Forces involved in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The symbol has been used in Russian popular culture as a sign of support for the invasion. Displaying any of the symbols on vehicles in public is illegal in Kazakhstan.

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๐Ÿ”— An-225

๐Ÿ”— Aviation ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/technology and engineering in Russia ๐Ÿ”— Aviation/aircraft project ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine

The Antonov An-225 Mriya (Ukrainian: ะะฝั‚ะพะฝะพะฒ ะะฝ-225 ะœั€ั–ั, lit.โ€‰'dream' or 'inspiration'; NATO reporting name: Cossack) is a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that was designed by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union during the 1980s. Originally, this unique aircraft was developed as an enlargement of the Antonov An-124 to transport Buran-class orbiters. After successfully fulfilling its Soviet military missions, it was mothballed for eight years. It was then refurbished and reintroduced into commercial operation with Antonov Airlines, carrying oversized payloads. While a second airframe with a slightly different configuration was partially built, construction was halted more than once due to a lack of funding and interest. This second aircraft was last brought up to 60โ€“70% completion in 2009.

As an over sized aircraft the Antonov An-225 Mriya holds multiple records which include; heaviest aircraft ever built, and largest wingspan of any aircraft in operational service. Other records held by the An-225 are cargo related in terms of weight and length as the Antonov An-225 has the capability to carry up to 640 tonnes (705 short tons). The An-225 attracts a high degree of public interest, so much that it has managed to attain a global following due to its size and its uniqueness. People frequently visit airports to see its scheduled arrivals and departures.

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๐Ÿ”— Holodomor

๐Ÿ”— Human rights ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Crime ๐Ÿ”— Death ๐Ÿ”— Philosophy ๐Ÿ”— Discrimination ๐Ÿ”— Philosophy/Ethics ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union/history of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union/Russia ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Ethnic groups

The Holodomor (Ukrainian: ะ“ะพะปะพะดะพะผะพฬั€; ะ“ะพะปะพะดะพะผะพฬั€ ะฒ ะฃะบั€ะฐั—ฬะฝั–; derived from ะผะพั€ะธั‚ะธ ะณะพะปะพะดะพะผ, "to kill by starvation") was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. It is also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, and sometimes referred to as the Great Famine or the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932โ€“33. It was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932โ€“33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country. During the Holodomor, millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine. Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by Ukraine and 15 other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government.

Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials varied greatly. According to higher estimates, up to 12 million ethnic Ukrainians were said to have perished as a result of the famine. A U.N. joint statement signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7โ€“10 million perished. Research has since narrowed the estimates to between 3.3 and 7.5 million. According to the findings of the Court of Appeal of Kiev in 2010, the demographic losses due to the famine amounted to 10 million, with 3.9 million direct famine deaths, and a further 6.1 million birth deficits.

The term Holodomor emphasises the famine's man-made and intentional aspects, such as rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all household foodstuffs, and restriction of population movement. Whether the Holodomor was genocide is still the subject of academic debate, as are the causes of the famine and intentionality of the deaths. Some scholars believe that the famine was planned by Joseph Stalin to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement. The loss of life has been compared to that of the Holocaust. However, some historians dispute its characterization as a genocide.

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