Topic: Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history

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๐Ÿ”— Vasili Arkhipov โ€“ Soviet Navy Officer Who Prevented Nuclear Strike in 1962

๐Ÿ”— Biography ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military biography ๐Ÿ”— Biography/military biography ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Maritime warfare ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Cold War ๐Ÿ”— Cold War ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia

Vasily Arkhipov (Russian: ะ’ะฐัะธะปะธะน ะั€ั…ะธะฟะพะฒ) may refer to:

  • Vasily Arkhipov (vice admiral) (1926โ€“1998), Soviet Navy officer credited with casting the single vote that prevented a Soviet nuclear strike
  • Vasily Arkhipov (general) (1906โ€“1985), Commander of the 53rd Guards Tank Brigade of the Red Army during World War II, twice Hero of the Soviet Union


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๐Ÿ”— The Dead Handโ€“Soviet semi-autonomous nuclear command and control system

๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/technology and engineering in Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military science, technology, and theory ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history

Dead Hand (Russian: ะกะธัั‚ะตะผะฐ ยซะŸะตั€ะธะผะตั‚ั€ยป, Systema "Perimetr", lit. "Perimeter" System, with the GRAU Index 15E601, Cyrillic: 15ะญ601), also known as Perimeter, is a Cold War-era automatic nuclear weapons-control system (similar in concept to the American AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System) that was used by the Soviet Union. The system remains in use in the post-Soviet Russian Federation. An example of fail-deadly and mutual assured destruction deterrence, it can automatically initiate the launch of the Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) by sending a pre-entered highest-authority order from the General Staff of the Armed Forces, Strategic Missile Force Management to command posts and individual silos if a nuclear strike is detected by seismic, light, radioactivity, and pressure sensors even with the commanding elements fully destroyed. By most accounts, it is normally switched off and is supposed to be activated during times of crisis; however, it is said to remain fully functional and able to serve its purpose whenever it may be needed.

๐Ÿ”— Closed city

๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Law ๐Ÿ”— Politics ๐Ÿ”— Cities ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/politics and law of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/human geography of Russia

A closed city or closed town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied so that specific authorization is required to visit or remain overnight. They may be sensitive military establishments or secret research installations that require much more space or freedom than is available in a conventional military base. There may also be a wider variety of permanent residents including close family members of workers or trusted traders who are not directly connected with its clandestine purposes.

Many closed cities existed in the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. After 1991, a number of them still existed in the CIS countries, especially Russia. In modern Russia, such places are officially known as "closed administrative-territorial formations" (ะทะฐะบั€ั‹ั‚ั‹ะต ะฐะดะผะธะฝะธัั‚ั€ะฐั‚ะธะฒะฝะพ-ั‚ะตั€ั€ะธั‚ะพั€ะธะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั, zakrytye administrativno-territorial'nye obrazovaniya, or ะ—ะะขะž ZATO for short).

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๐Ÿ”— Bucha Massacre

๐Ÿ”— International relations ๐Ÿ”— Human rights ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Crime ๐Ÿ”— Death ๐Ÿ”— Ukraine ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history

In March 2022, a series of war crimes were committed by Russian occupation forces in the Ukrainian city of Bucha during the Battle of Bucha, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ukrainian authorities said that more than 300 inhabitants of the town had been killed.

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๐Ÿ”— Soviet Pilot Escapes from POW Camp by Stealing a German Bomber and Flying Home

๐Ÿ”— Biography ๐Ÿ”— Aviation ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military aviation ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military biography ๐Ÿ”— Aviation/aerospace biography project ๐Ÿ”— Military history/World War II ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Aviation/Soviet aviation

Mikhail Petrovich Devyatayev (Russian: ะœะธั…ะฐะธะป ะŸะตั‚ั€ะพะฒะธั‡ ะ”ะตะฒัั‚ะฐะตะฒ; Moksha/Erzya: ะœะธั…ะฐะธะป ะŸะตั‚ั€ะพะฒะธั‡ ะ”ะตะฒัั‚ะฐะตะฒ; 8 July 1917 โ€“ 24 November 2002) was a Soviet fighter pilot known for his incredible escape from a Nazi concentration camp on the island of Usedom, in the Baltic Sea.

๐Ÿ”— Subutai โ€“ Primary military strategist of Genghis Khan

๐Ÿ”— Biography ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— China ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military biography ๐Ÿ”— Central Asia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Mongols ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Medieval warfare

Subutai (Classical Mongolian: Sรผbรผgรคtรคi or Sรผbรผ'รคtรคi; Tuvan: ะกาฏะฑัะดัะน, [sybษ›หˆdษ›j]; Modern Mongolian: ะกาฏะฑััะดัะน, Sรผbeedei. [sสŠbeหหˆdษ›]; Chinese: ้€Ÿไธๅฐ 1175โ€“1248) was an Uriankhai general, and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and ร–gedei Khan. He directed more than 20 campaigns in which he conquered 32 nations and won 65 pitched battles, during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in history. He gained victory by means of imaginative and sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that were hundreds of kilometers away from each other. He is also remembered for devising the campaign that destroyed the armies of Hungary and Poland within two days of each other, by forces over 500 kilometers apart.

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๐Ÿ”— April 12, 1961: First man in space

๐Ÿ”— Biography ๐Ÿ”— Aviation ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/technology and engineering in Russia ๐Ÿ”— Spaceflight ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military aviation ๐Ÿ”— Biography/science and academia ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military biography ๐Ÿ”— Biography/military biography ๐Ÿ”— Aviation/aerospace biography project ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Cold War ๐Ÿ”— Biography/sports and games ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarinโ€Š (9 March 1934 โ€“ 27 March 1968) was a Soviet Air Forces pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space, achieving a major milestone in the Space Race; his capsule Vostok 1 completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour.

Born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (a town later renamed after him), in his youth Gagarin was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy. He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base, near the Norwegian border, before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts. Following his spaceflight, Gagarin became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre, which was later named after him. He was also elected as a deputy of the Soviet of the Union in 1962 and then to the Soviet of Nationalities, respectively the lower and upper chambers of the Supreme Soviet.

Vostok 1 was Gagarin's only spaceflight but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission, which ended in a fatal crash, killing his friend and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Fearing for his life, Soviet officials permanently banned Gagarin from further spaceflights. After completing training at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy on 17 February 1968, he was allowed to fly regular aircraft. Gagarin died five weeks later when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting with his flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin crashed near the town of Kirzhach.

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๐Ÿ”— Tsar Bomba

๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/technology and engineering in Russia ๐Ÿ”— Environment ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military science, technology, and theory ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Weaponry ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Cold War ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia

The Soviet RDS-202 hydrogen bomb (code name Ivan or Vanya), known by Western nations as Tsar Bomba (Russian: ะฆะฐั€ัŒ-ะฑะพฬะผะฑะฐ, tr. Tsar'-bรณmba, IPA:ย [tอกsarสฒ หˆbombษ™], lit. 'Tsar bomb'), was the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created. Tested on 30ย October 1961 as an experimental verification of calculation principles and multi-stage thermonuclear weapon designs, it also remains the most powerful human-made explosive ever detonated.

The bomb was detonated at the Sukhoy Nos ("Dry Nose") cape of Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya, 15ย km (9.3ย mi) from Mityushikha Bay, north of Matochkin Strait. The detonation was secret but was detected by US Intelligence agencies. The US apparently had an instrumented KC-135R aircraft (Operation SpeedLight) in the area of the test โ€“ close enough to have been scorched by the blast.

The bhangmeter results and other data suggested the bomb yielded about 58 megatons of TNT [Mt] (240ย PJ), and that was the accepted yield in technical literature until 1991 when Soviet scientists revealed that their instruments indicated a yield of 50ย Mt (210ย PJ). As they had the instrumental data and access to the test site, their yield figure has been accepted as more accurate. In theory, the bomb would have had a yield in excess of 100ย Mt (420ย PJ) if it had included a uranium-238 tamper but, because only one bomb was built, that capability has never been demonstrated.

The remaining bomb casings are located at the Russian Atomic Weapon Museum in Sarov and the Museum of Nuclear Weapons, All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, at Snezhinsk.

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๐Ÿ”— Abram Petrovich Gannibal

๐Ÿ”— Biography ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/technology and engineering in Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/demographics and ethnography of Russia ๐Ÿ”— African diaspora ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia

Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov (Russian: ะะฑั€ะฐฬะผ ะŸะตั‚ั€ะพฬะฒะธั‡ ะ“ะฐะฝะฝะธะฑะฐฬะป; c. 1696 โ€“ 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, major-general, and nobleman of African origin. Kidnapped as a child, Gannibal was taken to Russia and presented as a gift to Peter the Great, where he was freed, adopted and raised in the Emperor's court household as his godson.

Gannibal eventually rose to become a prominent member of the imperial court in the reign of Peter's daughter Elizabeth. He had 11 children, most of whom became members of the Russian nobility; he was a great-grandfather of the author and poet Alexander Pushkin.

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๐Ÿ”— Tupolev Tu-144

๐Ÿ”— Aviation ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union ๐Ÿ”— Russia ๐Ÿ”— Russia/technology and engineering in Russia ๐Ÿ”— Military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Military aviation ๐Ÿ”— Aviation/aircraft project ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Cold War ๐Ÿ”— Russia/Russian, Soviet, and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Military history/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history ๐Ÿ”— Russia/history of Russia ๐Ÿ”— Aviation/Soviet aviation ๐Ÿ”— Soviet Union/Russian, Soviet and CIS military history

The Tupolev Tu-144 (Russian: Tyะฟะพะปะตะฒ ะขัƒ-144; NATO reporting name: Charger) is a retired jet airliner and commercial supersonic transport aircraft (SST). It was the world's first commercial SST (maiden flight โ€“ 31 December 1968), the second being the Anglo-French Concorde (maiden flight โ€“ 2 March 1969). The design was a product of the Tupolev design bureau, headed by Alexei Tupolev, of the Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in Voronezh, Russia. It conducted 102 commercial flights, of which only 55 carried passengers, at an average service altitude of 16,000 metres (52,000ย ft) and cruised at a speed of around 2,000 kilometres per hour (1,200ย mph) (Mach 1.6).

The prototype's first flight was made on 31 December 1968, near Moscow from Zhukovsky Airport, two months before the first flight of Concorde. The Tu-144 first went supersonic on 5 June 1969 (Concorde first went supersonic on 1 October 1969), and on 26 May 1970 became the world's first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2. The aircraft used a new construction technique which resulted in large unexpected cracks, which resulted in several crashes. A Tu-144 crashed in 1973 at the Paris Air Show, delaying its further development. The aircraft was introduced into commercial service on 26 December 1975. In May 1978, another Tu-144 (an improved version, the Tu-144D) crashed on a test flight while being delivered. The aircraft remained in use as a cargo aircraft until 1983, when the Tu-144 commercial fleet was grounded. The Tu-144 was later used by the Soviet space program to train pilots of the Buran spacecraft, and by NASA for supersonic research until 1999, when the Tu-144 made its last flight (26 June 1999).

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